For decades, philosophers, technologists, and even billionaires like Elon Musk have toyed with the idea that our universe might be a highly sophisticated computer simulation. The idea represents one of modern science’s most haunting and enduring hypotheticals, a kind of digital cosmology.
However, according to a study by an international team of theoretical physicists, the mathematics itself may finally settle the debate. Their conclusion? It’s impossible that we’re living in a simulation.
In a paper published in the Journal of Holography Applications in Physics, researchers argue that the same mathematical principles that limit what computers can calculate also limit what any simulation of the universe could ever reproduce. In short, the universe contains truths that no algorithm—no matter how advanced—can ever compute.
“It has been suggested that the universe could be simulated. If such a simulation were possible, the simulated universe could itself give rise to life, which in turn might create its own simulation,” lead author and theoretical physicist at the University of British Columbia, Dr. Mir Faizal, said in a statement. “This recursive possibility makes it seem highly unlikely that our universe is the original one, rather than a simulation nested within another simulation.”
“This idea was once thought to lie beyond the reach of scientific inquiry. However, our recent research has demonstrated that it can, in fact, be scientifically addressed.”
The idea that reality could be computed—sometimes called “It from Bit,” after physicist Dr. John Archibald Wheeler’s phrase—has long fascinated scientists. In this view, the cosmos itself could be described as a vast informational process: every atom, photon, and galaxy, a pixel in a cosmic program.
Yet Dr. Faizal and his co-authors—renowned cosmologist Dr. Lawrence M. Krauss, Dr. Francesco Marino of Italy’s National Institute of Optics, and researcher Arshid Shabir—argue that this idea collapses under the very laws of logic itself.
Using the mathematical frameworks of Kurt Gödel, Alfred Tarski, and Gregory Chaitin, researchers demonstrated that any “Theory of Everything” built entirely on computation must, by definition, be incomplete.
Gödel’s incompleteness theorems, for example, proved that in any sufficiently complex mathematical system, there are true statements that can never be proven using the rules of that system.
Tarski’s theorem showed that truth itself cannot be defined entirely within a formal language. And Chaitin’s work revealed that some mathematical truths are fundamentally uncomputable—they contain more information than any algorithm can encode.
The researchers argue that these theorems also apply to the foundations of physics. Any theory of quantum gravity—the long-sought framework that unifies general relativity and quantum mechanics—would be a kind of algorithmic system. And just like mathematics, it would inevitably face its own unprovable truths.
“Together, the Gödel–Tarski–Chaitin triad delineates an insurmountable frontier for any strictly computable framework,” the researchers write.
In other words, if the laws of physics can’t be reduced to pure computation, then neither can the universe.

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