George Washington rode west from Philadelphia in command of 13,000 troops on a mission that would test his leadership unlike any previous campaign.
These men were not soldiers in the Continental Army. They were citizen militiamen—forerunners of the National Guard—called up from Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey. And Washington was no longer simply a general. He was president of the United States.
The year was 1794, and Washington had made one of the most fateful decisions of his presidency: to use armed force against fellow Americans.
Congress, desperate for revenue to pay war debts, had enacted a tax on whiskey. Grain farmers in Western Pennsylvania saw the tax as immoral and unjust.
Protestors attacked revenue agents, destroyed the property of tax-paying farmers, and fired shots that killed a local militiaman.
Growing bolder, they fashioned banners on “liberty poles” with slogans like “Equal Taxation and no Excise” and “Liberty or Death.”
For two years, Washington searched for a peaceful resolution. But when 5,000 rebels gathered outside Pittsburgh, vowing to take the city, he knew the time for action had come.
In the end, the Whiskey Rebellion was anticlimactic, resulting in no further violence.
Yet more than 200 years later, Americans still strenuously disagree on basic questions of government.
When is a president justified in mobilizing the National Guard? At what point does a protest become an insurrection? What counts as free speech?
Some fundamental issues were settled at the nation’s founding, a panel of scholars told The Epoch Times. But more were left unsettled. And Americans continue to debate those same issues today.
Hellbound and Down 