Close to a century ago, researchers unearthed a small, unusual metal object during excavations at a cemetery in Upper Egypt. Now, a reinvestigation into the curious find has identified it as the earliest known rotary drill ever found in association with ancient Egyptian archaeology.
The small artifact, which measures less than 64 millimeters across and weighs under two grams, is crafted from copper-alloy and dates to the late 4th millennium BCE, which coincides with Egypt’s Predynastic period, a remote era that predates the reign of the earliest pharaohs.
The remarkable discovery, which experts now characterize as “a mechanically sophisticated drilling tool,” was recently detailed in a study published in the journal Egypt and the Levant.
An Ancient Curiosity Comes into Focus
The small artifact, retrieved from the burial of an ancient predynastic Egyptian man identified as Grave 3932, was first documented in the 1920s. At that time, the object was described as “a little awl of copper, with some leather thong wound round it,” a description that offered researchers little to go on as to what its potential use might have been.
Now, according to a team of archaeologists at Newcastle University, working in collaboration with the Academy of Fine Arts in Vienna, re-examination of the object under magnification has revealed wear patterns that are consistent with drilling devices from later periods in Egyptian history.
Specifically, the team points to evidence of edges rounded from wear, as well as striations and other features that are clear indicators of rotary motion.
“The ancient Egyptians are famous for stone temples, painted tombs, and dazzling jewelry, but behind those achievements lay practical, everyday technologies that rarely survive in the archaeological record,” said Dr. Martin Odler, a Visiting Fellow in Newcastle University’s School of History, Classics and Archaeology, in a statement.
According to Odler, the lead author of the recent study that reassessed the artifact, one of the most important technologies behind such famous achievements afforded us by the ancient Egyptians was the drill, which had uses in everything from woodwork to shaping stone for construction and the creation of decorative pieces.
Evidence of a Bowstring Emerges
Intriguingly, the early 20th-century references to “some leather thong” have proven correct, as the Newcastle team and their Italian collaborators say that six coils of a very fragile piece of leather cordage appear to represent clear evidence of a bowstring which would have been used to power the drill.
Such ancient bow drills served as an early form of rotary tool, which one could liken to an ancient counterpart to modern hand drills. To function, these bow drills featured a small length of leather wrapped around a shaft, which spins the drill very quickly as the string is moved back and forth.
Hellbound and Down 